Explore the science used to examine evidence and answer questions about events.
Forensic science applies scientific methods to legal questions. Specialists may work in laboratories, medical examiner offices, digital forensic units, or crime-scene teams. Their goal is to analyze evidence objectively and report what the science supports.
Friction ridge patterns on fingers can help identify or exclude people.
Learn MoreBiological material can sometimes provide a DNA profile for comparison.
Learn MorePhotographs preserve visual details of scenes and evidence.
Learn MoreTiny materials can sometimes connect people, objects, and places.
Learn MoreSpecialists can examine computers, phones, storage devices, and other digital systems under legal authority.
Learn MoreCrime labs bring together specialists from different scientific fields.
Learn MoreFingerprint examiners compare ridge details in impressions recovered from surfaces with known prints. Not every surface produces a usable print, and examiners document the quality and limits of what they can conclude.
DNA analysis can help connect biological evidence to a person or exclude someone. Laboratory procedures are designed to reduce contamination and document each step. DNA evidence is powerful but must be interpreted in context.
Crime-scene photographers document locations, objects, injuries, damage, and other visible conditions. Images may include overall views and close details so investigators and courts can understand where evidence was found.
Fibers, glass, paint, soil, hair, and other small materials may be examined in a laboratory. Trace evidence is often used with other evidence rather than as a complete answer by itself.
Digital forensic work focuses on preserving and examining data in a way that can be documented and reviewed. Access to private data is governed by law, warrants, consent, and other legal rules.
A large laboratory may have separate units for biology, chemistry, firearms examination, toxicology, fingerprints, controlled substances, digital evidence, and other specialties. Available services vary by jurisdiction.