About Irrigation & Water
Plants need water for photosynthesis, nutrient movement, cell structure, and temperature control. When rainfall is unreliable, irrigation can supplement it. Farms also need drainage when too much water limits oxygen around roots.
Rainfall
Rain is the original water source for most agriculture.
Learn MoreCenter Pivot
Center-pivot systems rotate long sprinkler arms around a central point.
Learn MoreDrip Irrigation
Drip systems deliver water close to plant roots.
Learn MoreSurface Irrigation
Surface systems move water across fields using gravity.
Learn MoreSoil Moisture
Farmers can measure or estimate water stored in soil.
Learn MoreWater Efficiency
Efficient irrigation aims to deliver enough water with minimal loss.
Learn MoreDrainage
Too much water can be as harmful as too little.
Learn MoreWatersheds
Farm water use affects rivers, aquifers, wetlands, and communities.
Learn MoreRainfall
Rainfed farming depends on seasonal weather, stored soil moisture, crop choice, and timing. Drought can sharply reduce yields.
Center Pivot
They can irrigate large circular areas efficiently and can be adjusted for different application rates.
Drip Irrigation
Tubes or emitters can reduce evaporation and keep foliage drier, but filters and maintenance are needed to prevent clogging.
Surface Irrigation
Furrows, basins, and flood irrigation can be simple and effective where land, soils, and water supply are suitable.
Soil Moisture
Sensors, weather data, crop stage, and field observation help decide when irrigation is needed.
Water Efficiency
Wind, evaporation, runoff, leaks, poor timing, and overwatering can waste water and energy.
Drainage
Saturated soil lacks oxygen for roots. Surface shaping, ditches, or subsurface drains can remove excess water in suitable locations.
Watersheds
Conservation planning considers irrigation demand, groundwater recharge, stream flow, water quality, and long-term supply.